Vari-Cold Cryogenic Treatment Process

The Vari-Cold cryogenic process, developed by Cryotron, is a unique, cost effective and cryogen-efficient two-phase procedure. The Vari-Cold process is based on a pre-determined thermal cycle that involves cooling of the tools/parts in a cryogenic chamber.

Vari-Cold utilizes the ramping benefits of ultra-cold nitrogen gas in conjunction with the deep-cryogenic soak" benefits provided by the use of liquid nitrogen. Materials are cooled to cryogenic temperatures with nitrogen gas, utilizing precisely controlled temperature profiles, then slowly introduced to liquid nitrogen for the duration of the soak period.

The liquid-phase provides the most efficient and uniform deep-cryogenic soak, at a consistent temperature of -320F, which is impossible to achieve with gas alone. Following the pre-determined soak period the cryogenic chamber is allowed to return very slowly to ambient temperature. The Vari-Cold cycle requires up to 72 hours to complete. Operator involvement during the process is minimal.

This procedure of precisely controlled temperature profiles avoids any possibility of thermal shock or stress that is experienced when tools or parts are subjected to abrupt temperature changes. Though liquid nitrogen is used as a refrigerant, no material is introduced to the liquid until it has been slowly cooled to cryogenic temperatures by ultra-cold nitrogen gas.

Cryotron chambers remain 100% moisture free during the entire Vari-Cold process, and it is not necessary to apply de-oxidants to materials prior to treatment.

In most instances the cryogenic cycle is followed by a heat tempering procedure; and as all materials do not have the same chemical constituents, the tempering procedure varies according to chemical composition, thermal history and/or a tool's particular service application.

Tempering is conducted in a separate Cryotron Batch Oven, designed for the purpose.

To learn more about The Vari-Cold Process, please visit Cryotron (Canada) Ltd.

Submitted by:

Austin Culley works part-time for Cryotron (Canada) Ltd.

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Are Sharks Stalkers or is It Another One of These Shark Tales?

Shark tales have been partly responsible for Selachophobia which is an obsessive and uncontrollable fear of sharks through the years. Lets just say that movies such as Jaws and Deep Blue Sea also contributed to this phobia and the amount of people that are now affected by it. One of the main problems that the Hollywood versions contributed to is the image of sharks as stalkers and cold blooded killers.

As the fact that sharks are considered being cold blood killers, well, lets analyze this statement to figure out if it is an active member of the shark tales or if it is mainly based on facts. First of all, most sharks are cold blooded, to the exceptions of certain shark species such as the Salmon shark which in some cases make this statement a fact. So, I guess Jaws is cold blooded as it was a great white shark.

Now, lets look at the killer part of the term cold blooded killer. When you consider the fact that sharks must kill living beings, big or small, from plankton to seals, their main purpose being to feed themselves for survival, then I would call them killers just the same as humans who will kill animals to feed themselves.

If on the other hand, you mean to use the term cold blooded killer when talking about sharks, using this term as killing for the purposes of power and taking a life just because they enjoy killing well, you are wrong. In fact, hunters and prize fishermen correspond to this category compared to sharks.

In reality, the facts about sharks that have been discovered by experts show that the brain of the shark is not able of thinking things through, revenge or just to be proud of killing a prey of a certain size like humans do. Humans are the only ones that even show off the head of their prey on the wall.

In fact, sharks do not care for the bony humans. While unprovoked attacks do happen, while rare, they are mainly caused either to protect themselves or simply by confusing humans with a favorite prey such as a seal. So, now we can confirm the fact that sharks are not cold blooded killers, they mainly feed to survive. As a result, we can consider this statement as another one of these shark tales.

Now, are sharks stalkers or is it another one of these shark tales? Well, if you think of hunting for food as stalking, well I guess that you would say that sharks are stalkers as they are stalking their prey. If on the other hand you mean that sharks are stalking humans like the great white shark did in the movie Jaws and its sequels then I would say no. Why? It is simply because sharks brain is not designed for the thinking process or even seeking revenge, it is just too small. Hollywoods magic is responsible for this attribute in their sea monster. In some of Jaws sequels, the storyline even implied that the shark or sharks were seeking revenge. Well, when you consider only the facts and the shark anatomy you know that these attributes are coming from human imagination, not reality.

My name is Sylvie Leochko. The movies Jaws and Deep Blue Sea are amongst the Hollywood creations that made people believe that sharks can be stalkers. Is this another one of these shark tales? If you wish to learn more about shark tales, I encourage you to visit the following main page: http://sharks.findoutnow.org/shark-tales.html

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The Concepts of Development for the Argumentative Research Paper and the Analytical Research Papers

Writing a research paper is significantly different from creating a personal essay. This is due to the extensive research the author must engage in to complete these papers. Research papers serve as the writer's ideas and opinions intertwined with facts and theories from credible sources. The way in which the paper is presented makes it fall into two separate categories: Analytical or Argumentative. The two can be easily distinguished from one another. Read below to find out how both methods are applied to research papers.

The Analytical Approach to Research Papers

Analytical research papers require the writer to have thoroughly explored the topic being covered. The goal is to provide expert knowledge in a way that is broken down into the writer's own words. With an analytical approach to writing, the writer answers the research question objectively by coming into the project with no pre-conceived opinions about the subject.

Once the writer becomes familiar with the topic they are able to piece together their findings that best represent the purpose of the paper. Put simply, an analytical research paper combines serious contemplation with a critical evaluations of the question.

The Argumentative Approach to Research Papers

Argumentative research papers are also known as persuasive papers. Besides presenting ideas which have undergone much critical thinking, the writer takes one side of an argument and uses it to form a thesis. The thesis is essentially a statement proposing one side of an argument that the writer feels should be taken into consideration.

What separates the argumentative approach from the analytical is the writer's stance which demonstrates being in favor of one side of an argument. Facts and credible resources are then used in order to compliment the writer's position. The point of writing an argumentative research paper is to convince the reader to side with the writer by using reliable sources and making valid arguments.

The main difference between the two types of writing is that the argumentative research paper is an attempt to convince your readers of the validity of a certain view you hold of a subject, while the analytical research paper is an attempt to use your research to give an objective snapshot of what is known about the subject.

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Water Analysis in the Petroleum Industry - A Useful Instrument

The Discrete Analyzer

Discrete analyzers are well known in clinical testing laboratories. Recently these little work horses have found their way into environmental laboratories, but their full potential in the analysis of water samples has yet to be realized. Environmental labs have found use for them in analyzing nutrients in wastewater and in relieving sample loads or reagent cost.

The Petroleum Industry

Production water needs to be monitored for major cations and anions that are used as indicators of corrosion or scaling tendency. Normally these water samples are collected and sent off to chemical supply company laboratories that use a variety of instruments and then calculate scaling or corrosion tendency indexes. A discrete analyzer makes it possible to analyze all important ions used in the scaling and corrosion index.

It is also useful to monitor production water for existing scale and corrosion inhibitors. These colorimetric tests are easily adapted to discrete analyzers making it possible to analyze these parameters at the same time and on the same instrument used for scale and corrosion index testing.

Discrete analyzers can also check for trace metals. Iron, manganese, chromium, nickel, etc. can all be determined, again in the same sample, on the same instrument, and essentially at the same time.

How the Discrete Analyzer Works

Discrete analyzers are essentially automated manual spectrophotometers. The instrument pipets sample into reaction segments, adds reagent, and then measures concentration versus pre-stored calibration curves. A huge advantage to discrete analyzers is they use very little reagent and/or sample and almost the entire process is computer controlled.

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